The Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico dated March 2, 1836 at the Town of Washington. Copies of original
document with transcriptions.
The Unanimous
Declaration of Independence
made by the
Delegates of the People of Texas
in General Convention
at the Town of Washington
on the 2nd day of March 1836
When a government has ceased
to protect the lives, liberty and property of the people, from whom its legitimate powers are derived, and for the advancement of whose happiness
it was instituted, and so far from being a guarantee for the enjoyment of those inestimable and inalienable rights, becomes an instrument in the
hands of evil rulers for their oppression. When the Federal Republican Constitution of their country, which they have sworn to support, no longer
has a substantial existence, and the whole nature of their government has been forcibly changed, without their consent, from a restricted
federative republic, composed of sovereign states, to a consolidated
central military despotism, in which every interest is disregarded but that of the army and the priesthood, both the eternal enemies of civil
liberty, the ever ready minions of power, and the usual instruments of tyrants. When, long after the spirit of the constitution has departed,
moderation is at length so far lost by those in power, that even the semblance of freedom is removed, and the forms themselves of the
constitution discontinued, and so far from their petitions and remonstrances being regarded, the agents who bear them are thrown into dungeons,
and mercenary armies sent forth to force a new government upon them at the point of the bayonet. When, in consequence of such acts of malfeasance
and abdication on the part of the government, anarchy prevails, and civil society is dissolved into its original elements. In such a crisis, the
first law of nature, the right of self-preservation, the inherent and inalienable rights of
the people to appeal to first principles, and take their political affairs into their own hands in
extreme cases, enjoins it as a right towards themselves, and a sacred obligation to their posterity, to abolish such government, and create
another in its stead, calculated to rescue them from impending dangers, and to secure their future welfare and happiness.
Nations, as well as individuals, are amenable for their acts to the public opinion of mankind. A statement of a
part of our grievances is therefore submitted to an impartial world, in justification of the hazardous but unavoidable step now taken, of
severing our political connection with the Mexican people, and assuming an independent attitude among the nations of the earth.
The Mexican government, by its colonization laws, invited and induced the Anglo-American population of Texas to colonize its wilderness under the
pledged faith of a written constitu-
tion, that they should continue to enjoy that constitutional liberty and republican government to
which they had been habituated in the land of their birth, the United States of America. In this expectation they have been cruelly disappointed,
inasmuch as the Mexican nation has acquiesced in the late changes made in the government by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who having
overturned the constitution of his country, now offers us the cruel alternative, either to abandon our homes, acquired by so many privations, or
submit to the most intolerable of all tyranny, the combined despotism of the sword and the priesthood.
It has sacrificed our welfare to the State of Coahuila, by which our interests
have been continually depressed through a jealous and partial course of legislation, carried on at a far distant seat of government, by a hostile
majority, in an unknown tongue, and this too, notwithstanding we have petitioned in the humblest
terms, for the establishment of a separate state government, and have, in accordance with the
provisions of the national constitution, presented to the general Congress a republican constitution, which was, without just cause,
contemptuously rejected.
It incarcerated in a dungeon, for a long time, one of our citizens, for no other cause but a zealous endeavor to
procure the acceptance of our constitution, and the establishment of a state government.
It has failed and refused to secure, on a firm basis, the right of trial by jury, that palladium of civil
liberty, and only safe guarantee for the life, liberty, and property of the citizen.
It has failed to establish any public system of education, although possessed
of almost boundless resources (the public domain) and, although, it is an axiom, in political science, that unless a people are educated and
en-
lightened, it is idle to expect the continuance of civil liberty, or the capacity for self
government.
It has suffered the military commandants, stationed among us, to exercise arbitrary acts of oppression and
tyranny, thus trampling upon the most sacred rights of the citizens, and rendering the military superior to the civil power.
It has dissolved, by force of arms, the state Congress of Coahuila and Texas, and obliged our
representatives to fly for their lives from the seat of government, thus depriving us of the fundamental political right of
representation.
It has demanded the surrender of a number of our citizens, and ordered
military detachments to seize and carry them into the Interior for trial, in contempt of the civil authorities, and in defiance of the laws and
the constitution.
It has made piratical attacks
upon our commerce, by commissioning foreign desperadoes, and authorizing them to seize our vessels, and convey the property of our citizens to
far distant ports for confiscation.
It denies us
the right of worshipping the Almighty according to the dictates of our own conscience, by the support of a national religion, calculated to
promote the temporal interest of its human functionaries, rather than the glory of the true and living God.
It has
demanded us to deliver up our arms, which are essential to our defence, the rightful property of freemen, and formidable only to tyrannical
governments.
It has invaded our country both by sea and by land, with intent to lay waste
our territory, and drive us from our homes; and has now
a large mercenary army advancing, to carry on against us a war of extermination.
It has,
through its emissaries, incited the merciless savage, with the tomahawk and scalping knife, to massacre the inhabitants of our defenseless
frontiers.
It hath been,
during the whole time of our connection withit, the contemptible sport and victim of successive military revolutions, and hath continually
exhibited every characteristic of a weak, corrupt, and tyrranical government.
These, and other grievances, were patiently borne by the people of Texas,
untill they reached that point at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue. We then took up arms in defence of the national constitution. We
appealed to our Mexican brethren for assistance. Our appeal has been made in vain.
Though months have elapsed, no sympathetic response has yet been heard from the Interior. We are,
therefore, forced to the melancholy conclusion, that the Mexican people have acquiesced in the destruction of their liberty, and the substitution
therfor of a military government; that they are unfit to be free, and incapable of self government.
The necessity
of self-preservation, therefore, now decrees our eternal political separation.
We, therefore, the delegates with plenary powers of the people of Texas, in
solemn convention assembled, appealing to a candid world for the necessities of our condition, do hereby resolve and declare, that our political
connection with the Mexican nation has forever ended, and that the people of Texas do now constitute a free, Sovereign, and
independent
republic, and are fully invested with all the rights and attributes which properly belong to
independent nations; and, conscious of the rectitude of our intentions, we fearlessly and confidently commit the issue to the decision of the
Supreme arbiter of the destinies of nations.
Richard Ellis, President
of the Convention and Delegate
from Red River
